Social Cultural Environment of Kazakhstan Essay Example

Social Cultural Environment of Kazakhstan Paper The process of shedding the Soviet Union and starting anew as the democratic Republic of Astrakhan is made difficult by the fact that a large percentage of Astrakhan is not Khaki. According to the 2009 census there are two dominant ethnically groups in Astrakhan, they are ethnic Khakis (63. 1%) and ethnic Russians (23. 7%) with a wide array of other groups represented, including Ukrainians, Cubebs, Germans, Chinches, Koreans, and Ushers that is, virtually any group that has ever come under the Russian peer of influence. Many of the Nan-Khaki people of Astrakhan have met attempts by the Khaki government to make Khaki the central, dominant culture Of Astrakhan with great disdain and quiet, nonviolent resistance. Cultural values, symbols and norms. Khakis are historically a nomadic people, and thus many of their cultural symbols reflect nomadic life. Khakis are Muslim by history, and even after seventy years of Soviet atheism, they incorporate Islamic symbols in their everyday life. The traditionally Muslim tar and crescent can be widely seen, as can small Muslim caps and some traditionally Muslim robes and headscarves in the villages. The Khakis developed a patriarchal view of the world. They banded together in extended family groups to battle the hardships of the environment and to protect their cattle and their families. This was officially called ATA-balsas, which means the joining of a grandfathers sons into one tribe of extended family. The husband plays the primary role in family life and is ultimately responsible for the familys survival. Astrakhan is the only Central Asian republic that experienced no ethnic conflicts since independence. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Cultural Environment of Kazakhstan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Cultural Environment of Kazakhstan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Cultural Environment of Kazakhstan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The cultural characteristics of Astrakhan are different from the West, yet capable of creating a stable and reliable system of internal networking and support. Astrakhan is rich in social capital, which for centuries served well to ensure the survival and peaceful cohabitation of multiple social and ethnic groups Business Culture and Etiquette: Protecting relationships and peoples honor is important. As a result Khakis finesse what they say in order to deliver information in a sensitive and diplomatic manner. They tend to speak in a roundabout fashion rather than a linear fashion. They respond more favorably to gentle probing rather than direct questioning. At the same time, many Khakis have a somewhat volatile demeanor and can raise their voice to get their point across. They are known for their fierce arguments. You may wish to retaliate in kind, but do so cautiously as there is a fine line between standing up for yourself and appearing overly aggressive. Astrakhan is also an extremely hierarchical society. Everyone has a distinct place in the hierarchy based upon family relationships. People are respected because Of their age and position. Older people are viewed as wise and therefore they are granted respect. The ways of the elders is a popular expression that is used to explain why things are done in prescribed ways. Khakis expect either the eldest or the person with the highest position to make decisions that are in the best interest of the group. An indirect style of communication tends to be more effective than being overly direct, although Soviet influenced bluntness still remains strong-?your weight and level of attractiveness tend to be fair game for comments. Celebrated Holidays: Some of the principal secular celebrations are 8 March, Womens Day, a very important day in Astrakhan and celebrated by all. Women are honored on this day and showered with flowers and entertained with skits and jokes by their male coworkers and family members. Narrow, Khaki New Year-?a holiday mainly celebrated by Khakis on 22 March, but also observed by Gorky, Cubebs, Tureen, Iranians. It occurs on summer solstice. Khakis cook traditional foods, have horse races, and set up many yurts. Victory Day on 9 May commemorates the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany. Day of the Republic, 25 October, was the day independence was declared. This day is a day of Khaki nationalism, with many speeches, songs, and performances in Khaki. Independence Day is celebrated on 16 December-?this date Was chosen to remember the riots in Almost on 1 6 December 1986. The riots were the first display of Khaki nationalism and solidarity. Independence day is celebrated much like the Day of the Republic. People are always happy to host-?even if it puts a lot of pressure on them. Most Assistants will just show up to a friends house without alerting them beforehand. Conclusion: When under conditions of political and economic transition, political institutions proved incapable of establishing a stable and predictable system of support and protection, people turned to national traditions that code certain helping types of behavior as appropriate. The old codes of behavior and moral norms serve to ensure stability within groups and between groups as well.

Deregulation Essays - Air Traffic Control, Free Essays, Term Papers

Deregulation Essays - Air Traffic Control, Free Essays, Term Papers Deregulation Deregulation of the U.S. airline industry has resulted in ticket prices dropping by a third, on an inflation-adjusted basis. As a result some 1.6 million people fly on 4,000 aircraft every day. Airlines carried 643 million passengers in 1998, a 25% increase over 1993 and the FAA estimates that the nations airline system will have to accommodate 917 million passengers by the year 2008. The growth in air travel threatens to overwhelm the presently inadequate air traffic control system, which has not kept pace with available technology in navigation, communications, and flight surveillance. Much of the equipment used for air traffic control today is based on fifty-year-old technology; for example, analog simplex voice links for communications and ground-based radar for surveillance, and VHF Omnidirectional Range/Distance Measuring Equipment (VOR/DME) for navigation. The lack of system automation imposes heavy workloads on human air traffic controllers and increases the risk of accidents in heavy traffic situations. Capacity limits are being reached in both airports and airspace, with congestion delays in departure and arrival schedules reaching record numbers. Funds to upgrade the air traffic control system are available in the trust fund created to receive the tax applied to airline passenger tickets and the tax on fuel for general aviation. The General Accounting Office says modernizing the air traffic control system will cost at least 17 billion for just the first 5 years of the FAAs 15-year National Airspace System improvement plan. It is the NAS that provides the services and infrastructure for air transportation. Air transportation represents 6% of the Nations gross domestic product, so the NAS is a critical element of our national economy. Given the size of the NAS, the task ahead is enormous. Our NAS includes more than 18,300 airports, 21 air route traffic control centers, over 460 air traffic control towers and 75 flight service stations, and approximately 4,500 air navigation facilities. The NAS spans the country, extends into the oceans, and interfaces with neighboring air traffic control systems for international flights. The NAS relies on approximately 30,000 FAA employees to provide air traffic control, flight service, security, and field maintenance services. More than 616,000 active pilots operating over 280,000 commercial, regional, general aviation and military aircraft use the NAS. On March 11, 1999, the FAA released the NAS Architecture Version 4.0 to the public. Key influences on the architecture include the 1996 White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security, which recommended that the FAA accelerate modernization of the NAS, and the 1997 National Civil Aviation Review Commission, which recommended funding and performance management methods for implementing NAS modernization. It describes the agencys modernization strategy from 1998 through 2015. Based on the Free Flight operational concept, Version 4.0 contains capabilities, technologies, and systems to enhance the safety of the aviation system and provide users and service providers with more efficient services. Free Flight centers on allowing pilots, whenever practical, to choose the optimum flight profile. This concept of operations is expected to decrease user costs, improve airspace flexibility, and remove flight restrictions. The NAS Architecture is divided into three modernization phases and its implementation is being synchronized with the International Civil Aviation Organization to ensure interoperability and global integration. h Phase 1 (1998-2002) focuses on sustaining essential air traffic control services and delivering early user benefits. Free Flight Phase 1 will be implemented. Controller computer workstations will begin major upgrades. Satellite-based navigation systems will be deployed, and air-to-air surveillance will be introduced. The Year 2000 computer problem will hopefully be fixed. h Phase 2 (2003-2007) concentrates on deploying the next generation of communications, navigation and surveillance (CNS) equipment and the automation upgrades necessary to accommodate new CNS capabilities. Satellite-based navigation systems will be further augmented in local areas for more precise approaches. New digital radios that maximize the spectrum channels will be installed. As users equip, automatic dependent surveillance ground equipment will be installed to extend air traffic control surveillance services to non-radar areas. Tools from Phase 1 will be deployed throughout the NAS and upgraded as necessary. h Phase 3 (2008-2015) completes the required infrastructure and integration of automation advancements with the new CNS technologies, enabling additional Free Flight capabilities throughout the NAS. Two important features will be NAS-wide information sharing

Orientalism. Franois Bernier and Kaempfers Manuscripts Essay

Orientalism. Franois Bernier and Kaempfers Manuscripts - Essay Example This was extensively practiced by the imperialistic European scholars and it paved the way for an entirely new discipline of study called "Orientalism". Orientalism is the study of near and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, and peoples by Western scholars. It also refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West. When used in a neutrally descriptive sense, "Orientalism" describes a development in the history of ideas that was shaped by the attitudes of the era of European imperialism in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. But, the term when it is interpreted antagonistically, it implies trivializing, dismissive and prejudiced interpretations by Westerners of Eastern cultures and peoples. Thehistoryandcultural influence of these "Oriental books" can be felt consistently. Writers who explored various facets of the countries cultures revealed only those in consistency with their culture and despised the other facets of the target countries culture. The traveler's manuscripts were beneficial in a number of ways, for example the traveler's records have paved the way to improve the trade relations between the east and the west. Also we learn ancient secrets from their books. From their rich experience the travelers provide a huge amount of information which is useful at many times and confusing at times. Sometimes works by some intellectuals are merely baseless, thanks to their very little knowledge about other intimates and ethos of the country they describe and so they end up with some records which are just entirely misleading. Let us evaluate the various pros and cons of these travelers's account. Kaempfer's manuscripts: At Kaempfer's death his mostly unpublished manuscripts were purchased by Sir Hans Sloane, and conveyed to England. Among them was a History of Japan, translated from the manuscript into English by J.G. Scheuchzer and published at London, in 2 Vols. in 1727. In this manuscript he gives a good account about Japanese and their culture. In first hand, he describes the highways of Japan. Kaempfer has provided a map about ancient Japan paving way for various explorers in the later years. Kaempfer says "An incredible number of people daily use the highways of Japan's provinces, indeed, at certain times of the year they are as crowded as the streets of a populous European city." He also gives a good account of Japanese Shrines and 33 important temples. Further, he gives a good account about the Japanese warlords richness and their might. Besides Japanese history, this book contains a description of the political, social and physical state of the country in the 17th century. For upwards of a hundred years it remained the chief source of information for the general reader, and is still not wholly obsolete. But his description about the pilgrims as 'Beggars', clearly portrays author's ignorance about the Japanese tradition. Pilgrimages to Ise have been popular for centuries and seven visits was said to ensure salvation. Even in the secular Japan of today, Ise holds a place equivalent to Mecca or Jerusalem for many Japanese. It is their holy duty to walk to the shrine barefooted. They renounce their earthly wealth before starting on the pilgrim and depend on the alms for their living in their travel. Further, his categorizing of 'Beggars' as 'Kannons', silent, common and his description about the prostitutes clearly depicts his imperialistic goals. He tries his best to establish the superiority of the West over the East. In this contest he even criticizes the work of moderate Oriental writer like Francois Caron. Further, his ridiculous description